節省實施成本，方便升級, 基於蜂窩網路的NB-IoT應用, 可以直接執行 全球行動通訊系統, 通用行動通訊系統, 或 LTE 網絡，僅使用約 180KHz 頻寬. 這 萬物互聯 很大程度上依賴基於蜂窩的 窄頻物聯網 (窄帶物聯網).
1. 什麼是NB-IoT技術
窄帶物聯網, 也稱為低功耗廣域網, 是物聯網領域的一項新技術，允許低功耗設備跨裝置連接到蜂窩數據 廣域網路 (低功耗廣域網). 除了提供廣泛的內部蜂窩數據連接覆蓋範圍, 預計 NB-IoT 設備的電池壽命將至少提高 10 年. 使用 NB-IoT 可以有效連接需要高網路連線速度和較長待機時間的設備.
智慧鎖, 智慧城市, 智慧水錶, smart gas meter, smart tracker, smart storage, and smart street light are some of the current application scenarios for NB-IoT. They all ask for the platform to receive the original data. The cloud platform enables data integration via the NB module and delivers the data to people for efficient data analysis and utilization.
2. How Does NB-IoT 工作?
The ability of NB-IoT to function in noisy environments and at low signal levels is crucial, as is its ability to save battery life. 另外, the NB-IoT is designed to send brief messages and does not need the transmission of audio-visual material, huge files, or other types of content.
In this approach, several physical characteristics aid in providing the essential characteristics:
- The maximum width of the NB-entire 物聯網‘s frequency band is one RB, 180 千赫;
- The user’s equipment’s radio path has a single transmitter, receiver, and antenna;
- Send and receive occur at different times, making this essentially a half-duplex transmission;
- The capacity to transmit on a subcarrier in the UL direction;
- Only BPSK and QPSK are utilized as modulation types;
- Continual improvement of the broadcast signal (coverage enhancement).
You may streamline the device and use it with the help of a half-duplex transmission mode, an antenna, and a narrowband in an RB. Other things include;
- Reduce the power used by the CPU;
- Reduce your energy use;
- Shrink in size;
- Cheaper machinery;
- Distribution of radio frequencies:
Provide 窄帶物聯網 with frequency resources. Nearly all of the same bands as 2G, 3G, and 4G in the “low” bar are usable for NB-IoT. B3 (900兆赫茲), B8 (800兆赫茲), and B20 (800兆赫茲) (1800兆赫茲). Using “higher” frequencies is pointless due to the substantial signal attenuation.
3. NB-IoT 的用途和 NB-IoT 應用
智慧城市
Long battery life and the lowest price are the goals of NB-IoT. It is appropriate for non-mobile, low data volume, delay-insensitive, cost-sensitive, and very large terminal orders of magnitude applications. An intelligent meter, intelligent street light, and intelligent wisdom city applications like maintenance hole covers are characterized by the number, wide distribution, weak mobility, and location precision that is not sensitive to location timeliness that is also daily. 因此, the rate and time delay is more tolerant because the terminal number is very high. It is typically challenging to conduct routine terminal maintenance, and It is necessary to maintain the placement and operational state of terminals, making NB-IoT positioning a great fit.
智慧農業
Consider the practice of animal husbandry. The herders’ cattle, sheep, and horses are often maintained in tens of kilometers-long pastures. Some animals must be kept for longer than two years, and ranchers must be aware of their livestock’s whereabouts at all times. Traditional GPS positioning has a weak terminal endurance, which makes it challenging to attain two years of service life and is constrained by the environment when satellite visibility is low. The terminal persistence of cattle within five years of stocking or the effect of climatic visibility on livestock location are not issues with NB-IoT positioning.
智慧穿戴
Among wearable gadgets, the NB-IoT is appropriate for long-term chronic illness monitoring, controlling, and tracking the elderly, kids, and pets, and other devices that do not depend on smartphones. Real-time location tracking via NB-IoT is possible for both youngsters and the elderly. It may also be applied to their collars to keep pets from wandering off. The cars will include anti-theft features for locating and tracking operation data interaction and remote control capabilities with the platform and users. This is also relevant to smart bikes based on NB-IoT technology.
明智地停車
A troubling issue in many large cities is accessing parking. 一方面, the rise in motor vehicle traffic results from cars looking for parking spaces, which clogs up the roads. 然而, some parking spaces are vacant and unoccupied since nobody wants to utilize them. This issue can be successfully solved by NB-IoT positioning, which can also assist drivers in finding parking spaces fast and giving them precise navigation directions. To realize the impact of smart parking, a significant quantity of real-time sensor data will be linked to the parking management platform and driving users simultaneously.
Use of NB-IoT in animal husbandry
There are two significant types of animal husbandry: captive and free range, with China’s northern and western borders serving as the primary grazing grounds.
The excellent quality of the meat from livestock and the lower feed costs are the benefits of stocking, but managing the livestock suffers as a result.
- The most straightforward way is artificial grazing. 然而, it has significant drawbacks:
- Special-person stocking is needed for artificial hose, which uses up labor.
- 圈養是一個安全問題，會使人們遭受野生動物的攻擊.
- 圈養系統化管理效果不佳.
使用GPS+GPRS畜牧定位系統可以解決這個問題. 但由於牛犢和綿羊太大了, GPRS通訊基地台容量將不足, 電池壽命也將是一個問題. 另外, 農場比較遠, 這使得訊號品質不可預測.
- NB-IoT應用 遠端抄表
每個家庭都使用水錶, 與我們的日常生活密切相關.
人工上門抄表統計是最直接的方式. 隨著文明的進步，手動抄表有幾個缺點:
- 無效
- 人工成本高
- 記錄資料中常見錯誤.
- Owners are cautious about visitors and won’t let them in
- Difficult management and upkeep
因此, GPRS remote meter reading was created. It addresses several issues with the manual meter reading. It is safer, more efficient, and more modern than manual meter reading technology.
4. NB-IoT solutions
低價
One feature of NB-IoT is that it can be quickly and cheaply installed inside an operator’s current network. For NB-IoT, there are three deployment methods. 第一的, independent deployment enables NB-IoT to operate independently from the existing LTE network. Since the 200KHz channel bandwidth of GSM is more than adequate to meet the 180KHz bandwidth of NB-IoT, this technology is suited for the re-cultivation of the GSM spectrum.
淺層用電
A common paging technique on mobile phones is DRX. NB-IoT has created two distinct modes, eDRX and PSM, to meet the demands of various circumstances. Readers must comprehend the DRX schema before the eDRX schema can be explained. If you stop considering it, even under ideal conditions, how can the phone be sure to hear the pager? In the same way that a focused student in class waits for the instructor to call on him to answer a question, this is the equivalent of keeping your phone ready to be paged every second of the day.
然而, waiting for a page every second of every day on a mobile phone consumes a lot of battery life. 因此, programmers created the Discontinuous Reception technique DRX. The mobile phone will go into the IDLE state after each paging, and then it will switch off the receiver, precisely as students do when they take sleep in class. The DRX cycle in DRX mode is the interval between calls. The lengths of the DRX cycles are 1.28s, 2.56s, 5.12s, and 10.24s.
超級封面
The NB-IoT is intended to deliver a 20dB coverage boost over GPRS in terms of coverage. NB-IoT can achieve three times the range of GPRS and penetrate two more barriers than GPRS if the data is delivered differently. What NB-IoT fundamentals enable exceptional coverage? When it is necessary to differentiate the up and down. From a downlink perspective, it primarily improves transmission consistency via repeated broadcast to gain more significantly.
我ncredible connection
Supersize connection is the last feature, but how does it function? Readers may wonder what distinguishes the traffic model of an Internet of Things terminal from a mobile phone. The Internet of Things has a large number of airports, but since each terminal only sends tiny packets, they are not affected by the delay requirement. Every device must have high-quality communication in order to contact the 4G base station, which must guarantee the communication quality of all users within the base station territory. This is why mobile phones can only have a certain number of users inside a base station area. 然而, since a significant proportion of devices remain inactive, the communication quality requirements for IoT devices are not as strict, allowing them to reach more terminals within the same base station range and support up to 50,000 物聯網設備.
5. NB-IoT發展趨勢
The telecom industry’s concept of the Internet of Things market is responsible for the emergence of NB-IoT, which was not an accident. Most internet-connected devices (物聯網) have used Wi-Fi, 藍牙, and other accessible technologies to connect over the past ten years because traditional 2G, 3G, and 4G networks cannot support IoT devices’ low power dissipation and low-cost requirements. This makes it challenging for telecom operators to turn a profit. The economy drives technology.
Despite being cellular technologies, NB-IoT and 2/3/4/5G have improved communication protocols that make them more suited for specific IoT applications. Power consumption may be a key indicator for Internet of Things (物聯網) 裝置, and NB-IoT has made great progress in this area compared to previous cellular technologies.
例如, applications for the Internet of Things may connect to the network as necessary since they do not have to be online all the time. They need to sleep when they are not regularly connected, which may significantly cut their power use. A wake-up mechanism must activate when a machine is sleeping, requiring the transmitter or receiver to listen for the other side’s signal. How this listening is designed and how it is implemented is crucial to power usage.
Power consumption is also a factor in connection-oriented transmission protocols like TCP. A three-way handshake is required to assure the connection’s reliability, which lengthens the connection time and, unsurprisingly, increases power consumption. 然而, a single link uses less power because UDP does not need this.
The wireless coverage distance in wireless communication is significantly influenced by transmit power and receive sensitivity. To reduce power consumption, it is also essential to lower the transmit power of the transmitter and increase the receive sensitivity of the receiver as much as possible over the same coverage distance. This may be accomplished by modifying the spread spectrum, the modulation mode, and other elements.
Since the natural world environment is highly complicated, radio waves must be able to overcome certain obstacles. The capacity to overcome the barriers is improved by increasing the wavelength and decreasing the frequency. In actuality, the power consumption of low-frequency radio waves might be reduced under the same distance coverage the more extended the coverage distance is under the same transmit power.
