物聯網是當今科技革命中最受歡迎的技術之一，但仍面臨許多物聯網挑戰. 隨著設備和技術變得互聯且更加智能, 他們面臨的危險和脆弱性也是如此. 過去十年, 這 物聯網 已廣泛應用於各行業, 許多公司使用它來開發更聰明的運營.
物聯網設備帶來設備之間的高效通信, 自動化, 節省時間和成本, 以及許多其他好處, 關於用戶還有一件事, 這不是安全. 物聯網設備在某些情況下很難信任. 本文將梳理每個環節中的一些關鍵物聯網挑戰.
1. 8 IoT Challenges in Security Issues
Non-consistent safety standards
物聯網在安全標準方面有些過時. 利基市場和企業沒有統一的標準, 這意味著所有企業都必須制定自己的準則和協議.
缺乏標準化使得在不增加風險的情況下保護物聯網設備和 M2M 之間的通訊變得更加困難.
Low processing capacity
大多數情況下只需要很少的數據 物聯網應用. 這可以延長電池壽命並降低成本, 但讓 OTA 更新更加困難，並禁止設備使用網路安全工具. 所以, 駭客攻擊往往會發生.
Legacy assets
在沒有雲端連接的情況下開發應用程式很容易受到現代網路攻擊. 例如, 這些舊資產可能不符合新的加密標準. 讓舊應用程式在互聯網上運行而不進行重大更改是危險的, 但對於歷史資產來說這並不總是可能的. 這些技術可能已經拼湊了幾十年，即使是很小的安全更新也是物聯網的主要挑戰.
Lack of awareness
多年來，網路使用者已經學會如何保護手機和個人電腦. 但由於物聯網是一項新技術, 很多人對其概念和功能比較陌生. 因此, 消費者, businesses and manufacturers are able to pose security threats to Internet of things devices. Hackers attack people and equipment.
Botnet attacks
Botnets are networks of linked devices that hide malware, enabling hijackers to commit all sorts of fraud. Such bots are adopted to carry out server crashes, unauthorized access, distributed denial of service, and data theft.
The usual goal is to develop, automate, and accelerate attacks in a short period of time and consumes less expense. To attack effectively, a hacker can remotely access a device and infect thousands of workstations. It is difficult for a secure system to distinguish real communications from malicious ones.
Lack of encryption
In the Internet of Things, the lack of traditional transmission encryption is one of the biggest security problems. 一旦有人闖入網絡，他們就能夠獲取發送到設備和從設備發送的敏感訊息.
The firmware update is missing
物聯網安全的另一個大問題是部署的設備是否容易受到攻擊. 製造商應該升級他們的固件，無論是來自他們自己的程式碼還是第三方生成的程式碼. 理論上, 這應該可以遠端實現, 但這並不總是可能的. 當資料在網路中移動太慢或訊息容量有限時, 您可能需要實體接觸設備才能發布更新.
Prohibited and counterfeit Internet of Things devices
關閉邊界和管理所有單獨設備是主要挑戰 物聯網安全. 網路設備的普及和製造設備數量的快速增加給家庭網路帶來了問題.
未經授權的使用者在受保護的網路上安裝非法和虛假的物聯網設備.
此類設備被允許配置為惡意存取點, 恆溫器, 和攝影機在用戶不知情的情況下竊取通訊數據.
2. 物聯網(物聯網) 中的挑戰 資料隱私
隱私是企業最關心的問題. 近年來，如何更好地保護敏感資料和個人資料的問題日益突出, 隨著 GDPR 等法律和監管框架受到越來越多的關注，網路威脅情況變得更加動態和複雜.
物聯網正在改變多個產業, 它所促進的自動化和商業智慧是強大的. 但物聯網也為組織帶來了資料隱私方面的具體挑戰. 我們透過下面的內容來學習一下.
The endpoint increase
物聯網感測器 or devices are connected to the Web. This, in turn, means that IoT devices or sensors are potential points of data leakage, or that malicious parties can gain access.
因此, when an organization creates an IoT ecosystem, 例如, by deploying networked sensors across the entire physical assets of a factory floor, each of those physical assets is theoretically an end device, just like computers and mobile devices elsewhere in the organization. 因此, the group has greatly increased the attack surface, in which cybercriminals can try to gain access to networks through terminal devices in order to steal data.
Small and simple devices
It’s not just the number of IoT devices that raise privacy concerns, but the simplicity and small size of many of them. 這通常意味著無法在這些設備中嵌入高級網路安全保護, 導致惡意軟體感染和惡意資料攔截. 其他問題可能包括將易於記住的密碼設定為預設密碼.
Data increase
物聯網設備收集無法收集或昂貴的數據. 這些數據產生大量可即時、長期利用的商業智能. 簡而言之, 它們極大地增加了組織正在處理的數據數量——這, in turn, 意味著安全和隱私專家應該關注資料的收集方式, 處理, 共享, 並儲存.
實施穩健的資料隱私保護方法, 處理資料的組織, 尤其是個人數據, 需要映射整個業務中的資料流，並起草和製定與該資料相關的安全策略.
Visibility is key
這些資料隱私和保護問題可能是多方面的, 但它們並非不可克服. 反而, 從事開發或部署物聯網設備的公司需要從一開始就將資料保護作為優先事項, 不是供以後考慮的附加元件. 強大的數據隱私始終始於可見性——了解正在收集或產生哪些數據, 處理地點和方式, 以及它是如何儲存的.
3. 物聯網挑戰 無線通訊連接
雖然物聯網的全部範圍仍在爭論中, 很明顯，這些設備正處於從「好有的」過渡到「必需品」的十字路口,” and people will increasingly rely on these devices to perform mission-critical and, sometimes, critically important applications.
Wireless communication is crucial for Internet of Things devices. 紫蜂, Z-Wave, 藍牙, 窄帶物聯網, and Wi-Fi are preferable options for designers to enable this communication. Internet of thing devices must operate across multiple users with different wireless technologies and the same spectrum in mission-critical scenarios.
In large buildings (such as hospitals), intensive equipment operations must be provided and reliable wireless communications must be carried out. Patient tracking devices, smart lighting, 穿戴式裝置, medical devices, and security systems carried by visitors must operate simultaneously and not interfere with each other. This situation exists in hospitals, where medical surveillance equipment shares the 2.4 GHz ISM band with mobile phones, wireless cameras, and microwave ovens. It is critical to ensure that the operation of an IoT device works as intended in this type of environment.
Network challenge
With the advent of 5G, more and more applications will utilize improved cellular network performance to “stream” computing workload to data centers. Devices of all kinds can be supposed to be connected to the network, some of which may intentionally pose a threat to network security and integrity. 所以, systems and network management tools must be developed to mitigate such risks.
IoT capabilities are now being designed for use in increasingly critical applications across all industrial sectors. Designers must follow a well-thought-out process to design, 測試, and validate their smart devices and systems. The process must involve measurement and testing at the wireless communications, network levels, and devices.
Luckily, designers now have a variety of testing choices available to help verify the functionality of the IoT ecosystem. But doing the right tests is not enough. Designers must adopt the right tools to do the right job.
Battery consumption analysis helps designers accurately determine the current usage of the device and the duration of each operating mode. Accurate modeling tools and EMI simulation can help estimate emission levels prior to hardware development.
4. Common IoT Development Challenges
Sensor module
Sensor modules are typically designed around microcontroller units that have digital and analog interfaces, and RF transceiver interfaces are also required to communicate with the outside world.
Block diagram of an IoT sensor module
Power management and sizing are common challenges for designers. RF interfaces can consume a lot of power. Low-power wireless protocols have been developed to offer a trade-off between power consumption and transmission range. Power consumption and smart factories in some environments may not be an issue compared to the requirement that multiple devices must communicate without interference. Signal integrity becomes an essential priority. 另外, electromagnetic interference requirements must be complied with in industrial environments.
Designing IoT devices with optimal battery life requires accurate power consumption curves and accurate characterization of the dynamic load on the device. Understanding the relationship between load requirements, and time required is an essential aspect of determining possible battery life.
Whether it is a non-rechargeable button battery or a rechargeable LiPo battery, the operating characteristics of the battery need to be understood and incorporated into a complex power management program to extend and optimize battery life. Being able to accurately track battery loads and how requirements can help.
Designers can develop powerful power management processes by using this information. The designer may determine, 例如, that the current of the IoT device has a very wide dynamic range during operation, from hundreds of milliamps when the wireless transceiver starts the link to submicroamps when the transceiver is off, up to the microcontroller is at maximum. Optimal sleep patterns, sensors are not activated, 等等.
Figure 2. It is critical to optimize battery life to analyze battery consumption in wireless IoT devices. The N6705B DC power analyzer and N6781A two quadrant source measurement unit are ideal tools for characterizing battery consumption and understanding equipment changes over time with battery load.
Long battery life
Many IoT device users today require that they have batteries that last for years. This is especially important if someone is planning to deploy something in a remote area where they can’t easily access change batteries. Operations or otherwise putting someone at higher risk of complications may be needed by frequent battery changes.
Hardware designers should think about which aspects will consume the most power and whether it’s necessary to include them in the design.
Using integrated circuits that have deep sleep patterns and consume very little current can solve this challenge. 而且, designers should also take consideration into how to use low battery voltages. 例如, minimize the current consumption of the product. Designers can achieve this by using low-power components and ensuring that parts do not continue to consume too much power when not in use.
Researchers who have commented on the project believe significant progress will be made by developing batteries that can charge themselves.
Security vulnerabilities
Current headlines often contain alarming details about security vulnerabilities that could affect IoT devices around the world. 從硬體角度解決物聯網設計挑戰需要多管齊下.
首先, 設計者必須考慮安全金鑰管理. 使用硬體加速加密來確保設備更安全也是一種選擇.
單獨的記憶體域也是首選方法. 使用安全記憶體存取來保護快閃記憶體和 RAM 免受未經授權的訪問. 這樣做使駭客更難使用程式設計介面和調試器發動攻擊.
Push for lighter, smaller devices
對這些功能的渴望是合理的，因為它可以實現實施的靈活性.
一種可能是看看設備是否需要使用柔性印刷電路板 (多氯聯苯) 而不是僵化的. 允許將更多組件裝入更小的空間. They are also generally more durable than rigid ones and can withstand shocks in harsh environments better, giving them a longer overall life span.
If IoT devices will be used in conjunction with 人工智慧 (人工智慧) or processing data on the devices, hardware designers must understand that these necessities also affect form factor dimensions.
IoT hardware designers should keep up with these developments and understand how newer options support their upcoming products.
Invest enough time in testing
Designers usually operate on a tight schedule. Even so, they must allow enough time to test the hardware and make the necessary adjustments once the results are in.
Testing before a product is marketed can also prevent safety-related problems. 例如, fuzzy testing involves getting IoT devices to accept random bytes and track abnormal behavior that might indicate an error. This most often happens when testing a computer application. But, it’s also a good method to check the internet of things devices.
Effective communication across teams is critical to obtaining useful test results. Software developers working on the device may find errors that partially affect the hardware.
Establishing a stable relationship with testers is also important. Many of these parties may not immediately know that they are experiencing problems due to hardware issues. 然而, after detailed feedback from those involved in testing, hardware designers and others involved in IoT products can begin to figure out where the problem is and collaborate to fix it.
Hardware designers should always plan to spend more time testing than expected. This way, there is no pressure to rush things, and there is no chance of missing issues that could interfere with product functionality or safety later on.
Foresight prevents many IoT design challenges
There is no one-size-fits-all way to avoid every IoT design challenge. But it is critical to consider the good and bad consequences of each design decision. Designers can also be able to make the most suitable options at each stage and avoid time-consuming problems.
5. 物聯網 Challenges in Deployment
IoT deployment has expanded from consumer-based applications like 智慧家庭 devices and wearables to mission-critical applications in industrial automation, emergency response, public safety, IoMT, and autonomous vehicles.
The “5C” for the IoT are the 5 primary challenges facing IoT design, namely continuity, 連接性, compliance, 網路安全, and co-existence.
Deployment challenge 1: Connectivity
Achieving a seamless flow of information to and from devices, infrastructure, cloud, and applications is one of the larger IoT challenges because of the complexity of intensive device deployments and the complexity of wireless connectivity. 然而, mission-critical IoT devices are expected to function reliably without failure even in the harshest environments.
Solutions are required to be designed and tested that are highly configurable, 靈活的, and scalable to meet future requirements to address connectivity challenges. Flexibility needs to test devices with multiple radio formats in actual operating mode and to support OTA testing in signaling mode without chipset-specific drivers. To leverage the code and minimize measure-related issues at different stages of development, the solution should be inexpensive, simple, and able to be used in manufacturing and R&D.
Deployment challenge 2: Continuity
Ensuring and extending battery life is essential. Longer battery life is a big benefit. For IIoT devices, battery life is typically 5~10 years. Device life means the difference between death and life for medical devices. 然而, battery defect is also a problem.
IC designers are required to design ics with deep sleep modes and reduce instruction and speed sets and achieve low battery voltages to meet the IoT battery life requirements, integrated circuit.
Standards bodies are defining new low-power operating modes like 西格福克斯, LTE-M, 洛拉, 和 窄帶物聯網, which maintain low power consumption while providing limited effective operating time.
Deployment challenge 3: Compliance
Internet of things devices are necessary to comply with global regulatory requirements and radio standards. Conformance testing includes radio standard conformance and carrier acceptance testing, as well as regulatory compliance testing, such as RF, EMC, and SAR testing. Design engineers are usually forced to adhere to strict product launch schedules in compliance with the latest regulations
As compliance testing is time-consuming and complex, days or weeks are required to complete if performed manually. In order to keep the release schedule, designers can consider investing in in-house pre-conformance testing solutions that can be used at every design stage, as well as resolving problems early. Selecting a system that meets the regulatory compliance requirements of the test lab can also help ensure measurement relevance and reduce the risk of failure.
Deployment challenge 4: Coexistence
For billions of devices, congestion in radio channels is a problem that is only going to get worse. Standards bodies have developed tests to assess how devices operate in the presence of other signals to solve wireless congestion.
例如, in Bluetooth, adaptive frequency hopping (AFH) enables Bluetooth devices to abandon channels that encounter high data collisions. Other collision avoidance technologies, such as LBT and CCA, can also improve transmission efficiency. But the effectiveness in mixed-signal environments is unclear, and when radio formats cannot detect each other, conflicts and data loss can occur.
An industrial sensor that loses control of its signal can have serious consequences. Coexistence testing is therefore essential to measure and evaluate the operation in crowded mixed-signal environments and to assess the potential risks of maintaining wireless performance when unexpected signals are found in the same operating environment.
Deployment challenge 5: 網路安全
Most traditional network security tools are focused on the web and the cloud. OTA and Endpoint vulnerabilities are often overlooked. Little work has been done to address OTA vulnerabilities through mature technologies such as WLAN and Bluetooth used in many applications.
70% of security vulnerabilities come from endpoints. To protect these IoT devices, extra care should be taken. Potential entry and OTA vulnerabilities points into endpoint devices should be identified, and devices should be tested with a regularly updated database of known threats/attacks.
Build a solid Internet of things foundation through “5C”
It opens the door to exciting new opportunities and applications for many industries. But it also presents unprecedented challenges, requiring new ways of thinking to meet mission-critical requirements. Delivering a successful IoT means overcoming the 5C technology IoT challenge. The IoT delivers on its promise and will be ensured by using the right validation, compliance testing, 製造業, and security tools throughout the product life cycle.
6. Supply chain challenges of the IoT industry
消費性物聯網基本概述
IoT refers to connecting any object to a potential network as per a specific transmission protocol and realizing the intelligent connections between things, 事物, 人們, and people through real-time transmission and collection of multi-dimensional information. As a representative of the third revolution in the information technology industry, the IoT organically combines AI computing AND traditional industrial manufacturing. The IoT is primarily divided into Industrial Internet of Things and consumer IoT.
The complete IoT is mainly composed of the network layer, application layer, perception layer, and platform layer. As the integrator of the Internet of Things, the application layer undertakes the important responsibility of realizing product functions for end-users. The company’s main product, intelligent audiovisual hardware, belongs to the application layer of the consumer Internet of Things. Consumer IoT, smart office, smart travel, and smart home are In the application scenarios of consumer IoT.
數據是物聯網時代的核心資源
Intelligent terminal is the entrance to the Internet of Things to obtain data: The evolution path from the Internet era to the Internet of Things era is generally summarized as follows: Internet (PC, 1.0 era) → mobile Internet (smart phone, 2.0 era) → Internet of Things (intelligent terminal of human-computer interaction and Internet of everything, 3.0 era), and each upgrade is centered on the mining and redistribution of traffic data, the core resource. The Internet of Things will break through the existing “people” connection, expand to “people”, “people and things”, “things and things” “Internet of everything”, and on this basis to generate more large-scale data, more powerful AI. The core resource of the Internet of Things era is data. Whether it is chip, sensor, intelligent terminal and other hardware manufacturers, or communication operators, cloud platforms, artificial intelligence and other software service enterprises, those who can obtain more data information will have a greater say in the whole industrial chain. The premise of acquiring big data of the IoT is to set up an intelligent terminal network with large flow data collection capability.
物聯網產業規模持續成長
Consumer Internet of Things has broad market prospects: The White Paper on Terminal Security of the Internet of Things (2019) shows that in recent years, applications of the IoT have emerged endlessly, and the popularization and application of smart medical, intelligent transportation and other industries have comprehensively promoted the exponential growth of the Internet of things terminals. The number of connected devices the IoT in the world reached 11 billion in 2019 and will reach 25 十億 2025. Compared with 2018, it achieved a compound annual growth rate of 15.71%.
In the field of consumer IoT, the number of global consumer Internet of Things connections is expected to grow to 11.4 十億 2025, among which the number of smart home devices represented by home security devices is supposed to increase by 2 十億.
In terms of industry size, global revenues such as IoT products and services were $343 billion in 2019 and are expected to grow to $1.12 trillion in 2025, with an annual growth rate of 21.86%.
Advances in communication technology, 雲端運算, and AI support the rapid development of the Internet of Things industry
As the link of the Internet of everything, the development of the IoT cannot be separated from the progress of network and communication technology. Due to the limitation of transmission and computing capacity, traditional 4G networks and centralized computing cannot handle the massive data brought by the Internet of Things and cannot realize the idea of real-time interconnection. As new technologies such as 5G, 雲端運算, and artificial intelligence mature and converge, the foundation for the development of the Internet of Things industry has been laid.
5G communication is the latest generation of cellular mobile communication technology. Compared with 4G, 5G網 has the advantages of a higher transmission rate, lower time delay, and more connections, which can meet the higher requirements of network transmission and connection for cloud offices, smart cities and industrial automation. In its 2019 global Exhibition Industry Outlook (GIV@2025), Huawei predicted that by 2025, 58 percent of the world’s population will have ACCESS to 5G networks, 14 percent of households will have “robot butlers,” and 97 percent of large companies will adopt AI (人工智慧).
Cloud computing refers to the process in which computing programs with a large amount of data are divided into numerous smaller programs, which are processed and analyzed by a system, and the calculation results are returned to users. Cloud computing, as a distributed computing, integrates more server resources and has powerful data processing capabilities by improving reliability and scalability, providing solutions for massive data processing in the Internet of Things era. Experts forecast the global cloud market to be around $273.3 billion in 2022, up 212% 從 2016. AI is a science that specializes in the study of human intelligence, and makes machines possess the characteristics of human intelligence through simulation, extension and extension. The core of AI is algorithms. Through the improvement of algorithms and computing power, artificial intelligence products have the ability of image processing and language recognition. The global AI market was estimated at us $680 billion in 2020, with an average annual growth rate of 32% 從 2015 到 2020.
消費性物聯網智慧硬體產業發展現況及趨勢
Intelligent terminal of consumer Internet of Things refers to terminal hardware products with information collection, processing and connection capabilities, and capable of realizing intelligent perception, 交互作用, big data services and other functions. It is an important carrier of artificial intelligence in the Era of Internet of Things and an important link in the industrial chain of consumer Internet of Things. As emerging industries and an important part in the field of consumer electronics, intelligence of the end products such as mobile phones, 電視, a new generation of information technology is accelerating and intelligent household, automotive hardware, 穿戴式裝置, mobile medical treatment and so on the Internet of things intelligent terminal product integration, suggesting the intelligent hardware industry to flourish, drive mode innovation and efficiency.
智慧硬體呈現爆炸性成長
自從 2016, China has successively issued a number of laws, regulations and policy documents, including “Special Action for Innovation and Development of Intelligent Hardware Industry” and “Guidance on Promoting and Regulating the Application and Development of Health and Medical Big Data”.
In terms of demand, with the growing level of national economy, the consumption structure of residents continues to upgrade, and the service fields such as entertainment, medical care and education usher in continuous changes. 高階, intelligent and customized products represented by intelligent hardware continue to lead the development of the industry. 同時, as the main consumer group in China is gradually shifting to the post-80s and post-90s generation, the consumption standard is also gradually developing towards diversification and quality. Intelligent hardware products represented by wearable devices, smart speakers, smart doorbells and so on are widely favored by the market.
供給側, with the rapid development of China’s 5G, 雲端運算, 人工智慧, Internet of Things and chip industries, China has gradually formed a complete intelligent hardware industry supply chain. With the deepening of enterprise cooperation, the logic of the underlying products in the intelligent hardware industry will continue to be consolidated, and the cooperation in r&d, production and sales will become increasingly close. As China matures in the field of information technology, relevant education in colleges and universities continues to be carried out, and the quantity dividend of Chinese engineers will continue to ferment, driving the rapid development of intelligent hardware-related industries.
智慧硬體產業合作持續深化
With the continuous development of intelligent hardware industry, the cooperation between upstream and downstream enterprises of the industrial chain also continues to deepen. In the process of intelligent hardware products, intelligent hardware scheme requires traders and manufacturers from product conception, 設計, research and development to production and sales of the whole stage, with the telecommunication operation industry chain upstream and downstream enterprises, platform service enterprises work closely and algorithm processing enterprises and other enterprises, relying on the advantage of each enterprise and field continues to build all-round cooperation, Build a complete product underlying logic, and jointly develop intelligent hardware products to meet user needs.
In the process of deepening cooperation of industrial chain, the cooperation between artificial intelligence algorithms and intelligent hardware is particularly close. Intelligent hardware with optoacoustic data acquisition and processing functions represented by intelligent network cameras, vehicle data recorders and Bluetooth headsets has gradually become a new entrance for human-computer interaction, and artificial intelligence technologies such as image recognition, face recognition and voice recognition have been applied in industry. With the continuous maturity of industrial chain technologies, the development of artificial intelligence, 物聯網, cloud computing and other technologies has greatly promoted the technological upgrading of products, improved product market performance by optimizing product user experience, and become a new hot spot in the industry.
智慧硬體應用範圍迅速擴大
Increasingly rich application scenarios: With the continuous development of artificial intelligence, intelligent hardware products continue to grow and expand to segmented fields and specific scenes. Products tend to be scenario-oriented, and products and services for market segments continue to emerge. 現在, intelligent hardware has been widely applied in smart homes, smart cities and other scenarios.
